Risk Anal 35(5):828–848Ītreya A, Ferreira S, Kriesel W (2013) Forgetting the flood? an analysis of the flood risk discount over time. J Geophys Res Earth Surf 111:2156–2202Ītreya A, Ferreira S (2015) Seeing is believing? Evidence from property prices in inundated areas. Wave climate analysis and comparisons to nature. Our results provide new insights into the heterogeneous risks that local communities face with higher costs, limited sand reserves and the growing nourishment demand driven by climate change and increased vulnerability.Īshton AD, Murray AB (2006) High-angle wave instability and emergent shoreline shapes: 2. Beaches that rely on offshore sand reserves are nourished less frequently. We find that beach towns with access to periodically replenishable sand deposits from inlets and river channels nourish more frequently. Using data from 21 coastal towns in North Carolina, we examine the geophysical and economic factors that reflect coastal vulnerability and influence the frequency of beach nourishment investments. While conceptual models of the coastal-economic system provide a capital-theoretic framework to study beach management, empirical analysis of the drivers of beach nourishment policy is limited. In response to increased storm risks and sea-level rise, coastal communities invest in shoreline stabilization by rebuilding eroding sections of the coast through periodic re-nourishment. Beaches are natural capital stocks that provide value through localized storm protection, recreational amenities, and ecosystem services at regional and global scales.
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